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Does Developmental Generativity Predict Substance Use...

Does Developmental Generativity Predict Substance Use in Middle Aged Adults? Erikson’s (1968, 1980, 1982) psychosocial stages of development provide a framework for the different stages of development throughout the human lifespan. These stages of development begin at birth and continue until death, and separate the lifespan into eight stages based on chronological age. Within these eight different aging stages are corresponding psychosocial stages. Each of these psychosocial stages represent a conflict between two characteristics of development for that particular time period in a person’s life. The beginning stages of Erikson’s (1968, 1980, 1982) model focus almost entirely on the individual and the self, developing those personal characteristics and developing the idea of the self. It is not until middle adulthood that the psychosocial conflict changes perspective to reflect outside of the self. The seventh psychosocial stage is generativity versus stagnation, which takes place during the ages of 40 to 60. In this stage, the in dividual turns the focus outside of themselves and starts to focus on society, community, and the family. While a person can feel generative by having their own family and children, this is only a small part of being successfully generative. Generativity can roughly be described as connection between generations. This entails having a desire to contribute to the next generations, as well as creating and accomplishing things

Antimicrobial Activity of Soil- Research Proposal free essay sample

Microbes produce various antibiotics and by isolating different microbes the antibodies can be tested for. Soil samples are highly rich in microorganisms. The antimicrobial  activities of microbes from 3 different soil sources (Tenby, Summerstrand, North Campus main building round-about and South Campus water pond) will be tested. Pure colonies isolated from the microbes will be tested for antimicrobial activity against known microorganisms of medical importance; these being E. coli, staphylococcus aureus, Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella sonnei and salmonella spp. Isolates of soil microbes can be categorized and  characterized based on a number of criteria ranging from gram-staining which will be done in this project, for enumeration which is a quantitative description based on the amount of microbial colonies available. The results will be recorded. Key words: soil, microbes, microbial activity, antimicrobial resistance INTRODUCTION It is vital for science today to focus on the isolation and characterisation of an unknown organism expressing interesting properties in relation to antimicrobial Activity. At the conclusion of this laboratory experience the researcher would be required to describe the isolates obtained from the soil macroscopic and microscopic appearance, perform the gram stain of the microorganisms in question and to discriminate the organisms from other microbes that could be contained in the soil and to finally make certain that the organisms have not been exposed to outside sources and be isolated in a pure culture. The researcher must first isolate the microbe then, grow the organism in a pure culture. Pure colonies will be tested for antimicrobial activity against known microorganisms of medical importance. The evaluation of the results that will be achieved are important in the understanding the development of new antimicrobial drugs. LITERATURE REVIEW Soils typically contain 109  to 1010  microorganisms per gram (dry weight), which may represent more than a million bacterial species. However, characterization of the small fraction of microbes that has been cultivated provides only a glimpse of their potential physiological capacity and influence on soil ecosystems. The absence of pure cultures or genome sequences makes it difficult to ascertain the roles of specific microbes in soil environments. Eichorst, Breznak and Schmidt (2007) Diarrhoea caused by Shigella species is estimated by WHO to cause 50% of dysentery cases. S. dysenteriae serotype 1 is particularly virulent, causing endemic and epidemic dysentery with high death rate. Salmonella organisms are endemic in many tropical and developing countries, while other salmonellas cause food poisoning and bacteraemia. It is highly infectious and resistance to common available antimicrobials is an increasing problem. Cheesbrough (2000, p. 97) Antimicrobial resistance is resistance of a microorganism to an antimicrobial medicine to which it was previously sensitive is on the rise. Resistant organisms such as bacteria are able to withstand attack by antimicrobial medicines, such as antibiotics. Infections caused by resistant microorganisms often fail to respond to conventional treatment, resulting in prolonged illness and greater risk of death. World Health Organisation (2012) discusses the problem of antimicrobial resistance Synthesis of medicinally important compounds is very difficult and thus the cost of medicine is also high because of the non availability of source materials especially aromatic compounds Gopalakrishnan (2011) AIM OF RESEARCH The main aim of this research is to determine whether or not soil bound microbes’ exhibit antibiotic activity against known bacteria of medical importance. OBJECTIVES OF STUDY * To develop a new antimicrobial agent. * To reduce the ever expanding problem of antimicrobial resistance in treatment of bacterial infections. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY * METHOD(S) TO FASCILITATE MICROBIAL IDENTIFICATION Gram stain * Gram stain will be used to identify the gram bacterial membrane reaction for easy identification. Culturing * Nutrient agar will be used for the culturing of the soil supernatant to favour growth of most bacteria. Muller-Hinton agar will be used for testing antimicrobial activity * Blood agar useful for pure culture isolation and determination of haemolysis with fastidious microorganisms. Cheesbrough (2000) Biochemical reactions Biochemical reactions will be used for the full identification of the bacteria isolated in soil and confirmation of the known enteric organisms. * API test kit Biomerieux (2009) * MATERIALS TO BE USED GRAM STAIN| GENERAL MATERIALS| Lugols’ iodine| Laboratory protective coat| Safrannin| Examination gloves| Acetone| Biohazard disposal bags| Crystal violet| Sterile sample containers | Garden hoe| CULTURE| Microscope| Culture plate| Normal saline| Wire loops| Cover slips| Bunsen burner| Glass slides| Autoclave| | Culture media| KNOWN BACTERIA FOR ANTIMICROBIAL TESTING| Incubator| Escherichia coli| Tight gas cylinders| Salmonella spp| Distilled water| Shigella dysenteriae| | Shigella flexneri| GLASS WARE| Staphylococcus aureus| Conical flasks| | Graduated beakers| BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS| Measuring cylinders| API testing kit| Test tubes| | Cheesbrough (2000) * ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS The experiment to be conducted does not require the use of animals. This being said, the research will not require clearance from the department or the governing organisations responsible for the regulation of experiments of that nature. The research being conducted will also be of benefit to the society. Ethical considerations in research (2002) Kanungo. R. (2006) explains the ethics in research * SAMPLE COLLECTION Designing statistically sound sampling programs for soil antimicrobial testing requires the consideration of specific monitoring questions and the state in which the soil extracts of interest will be left post extraction. Three (3) different soil sources will be used and below are the proposed sources of soil for antimicrobial activity analysis:- a. Loamy soil from Tenby, Summerstrand, b. South Campus of Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University pond c. North campus main entrance round about The soil will be collected from 5 inch depth of the surface and stored in sterile small reagent bottles. Chutia and Ahmed (2012) Wallenius (2011) describes the microbiological characteristics of soil sampling * SAMPLE ANALYSIS METHOD To address the goals of achieving a pure culture of soil microorganism and testing for antimicrobial activity, a quantitative serial dilution method will be used. Quantitative research method will measure the number of soil microorganisms with antimicrobial activity witnessed thus preferred for this particular research. Psychology Press Ltd (2004) explains Research methods and Data analysis SERIAL DILUTION PROCEDURE DAY 1 1. Mark the sterile dilution blanks in the following manner: the 100 ml dilution blank is 10-2 and the tubes sequentially are 10-3, 10-4, 10-5 and 10-6. 2. Add 1gram to the 10-2 dilution blank, centrifuge at 4000 rpm for 5 minutes and ensure the cap is securely tightened. 3. Aseptically transfer 1ml from 10-2 dilution to the 10-3 tube. Mix thoroughly. 4. Using a fresh, sterile pipette for each succeeding step, transfer 1ml from the 10-3 dilution to the 10-4 dilution blank, then from the 10-4 to the 10-5, then from the 10-5 to 10-6. Sample transferred must be thoroughly mixed with the dilution fluid before transferred to the next tube. 5. Aseptically inoculate from 10-6 dilution and incubate on nutrient agar for 24 hours at room temperature. . This procedure will apply to the soil acquired from other sources and will be done free from contamination of the other. Isolation of soil bacteria: viable titer and pure culture (n. d) Below is a demonstration of the serial dilutions:- Isolation of soil bacteria: viable titer and pure culture (n. d) DAY 2 Pure culture isolation 1. From the 10-6 dilution, choose one colony that appears to be compos ed of only one cell type. 2. Flame an inoculating loop, when cool gently touch it to the surface of the colony you will re-streak onto a Blood agar plate. Isolation of soil bacteria: viable titer and pure culture (n. d) The plate should be streaked as: Isolation of soil bacteria: viable titer and pure culture (n. d) 6. Incubate the plates at room temperature for 24 hours DAY 3 1. Examine the Blood Agar plate re-streaked for a pure colony. 2. Test the pure colony’s antimicrobial activity against a known microorganism on Muller-Hinton agar and incubate at 37 degrees Celsius for 24hours. 3. Gram-stain pure colony achieved, streak the colony onto a Nutrient Agar slant. Incubate for 1 day and place in the refrigerator (Isolates to be used for future experiments. Isolation of soil bacteria: viable titer and pure culture (n. d) DAY 4 – Expected Results 1. Antimicrobial activity will be observed by a zone of inhibition around the pure colony streak or, 2. A negative result showing growth of known bacteria. CONTROLS * Sterile water tested for antimicrobial activity must allow growth (Negative control), while a * An effective known antibiotic for particular bacteria tested for antimicrobial activity must show a zone of inhibition (positive control). Cheesbrough (2000) DISSEMINATION OF RESULTS The results achieved from the research will be documented in form of a Treatise, which will be oral presentation to the students and faculty of Health Sciences Department of Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University. Should the results of the study be of interest, there is a possibility of publishing the findings in a journal for continuous dissemination. WORK AND TIME SCHEDULE The research activity will commence early August of 2013. It will be divided into two portions; the practical component and documentation of practical findings. The practical component will be conducted on from Monday to Saturday of every week. During week days, the practical activities will be done after classes. The practical component is scheduled to run for 1 month and 1 week, after which the documentation component will commence and run for a month duration. The research is scheduled to run for a period of 2 months and a week. The write up will then be handed to the research supervisor, seeking their opinion on the outline of the Treatise. FINANCE BUDGET A list of requirements is set below, to guide the funder on the scale of requirements, amount of work and cost of the research. Below is a list of the needed materials as per category:- GENERAL REQUIREMENTS| COMMODITY PRICE| Laboratory protective coat| | Examination gloves| | Biohazard bags| | Normal saline| | Microscope| | Glass slides| | Slide cover slips| | Sterile containers for serial dilutions| | GRAM STAIN| COMMODITY PRICE| Lugols’ iodine| | Acetone| | Safrinnin | | Crystal violet| | CULTURE| | Culture plates| | Bunsen burner| | Hot plate| | Culture media| | Incubator | | Tight gas cylinders| | Distilled water | | BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS| COMMODITY PRICE| API test kit| | Biomerieux. (2009) Cheesbrough (2000) lists the different microbiological requirements the facilitate the budgeting of a research Higdon and Topp (2004) give some guidelines on how to prepare a research proposal budget CONCLUSION The search for anti-secretory drugs continues, with real progress having been made. Soil and plants are the potential source of many drugs; but they did not yet get proper recognition. The role of antimicrobial agents in the management of infective bacterial conditions continues to be clarified with the emergence of new agents and simplified treatment regimens. Probiotics are popular with diarrhoea sufferers and have been shown to have some efficacy. However, further scrutiny is required to determine the magnitude of their effects and continued research on new development of anti diarrhoea agents in needed. Antibiotic resistance is a major clinical problem in treating infections caused by these microorganisms. One way to prevent antibiotic resistance of the pathogenic species is by using new compounds that are not based on existing synthetic antimicrobial agents. It is then vital to do more research on soil antimicrobial activity. Chanu, Chakraborty el tol (2011)

Prostitution Essays (527 words) - Prostitution, Sex Industry

Prostitution I. Introduction Prostitution, performance of sexual acts solely for the purpose of material gain. Persons prostitute themselves when they grant sexual favors to others in exchange for money, gifts, or other payment and in so doing use their bodies as commodities. In legal terms, the word prostitute refers only to those who engage overtly in such sexual-economic transactions, usually for a specified sum of money. Prostitutes may be of either sex, but throughout history the majority have been women, who have usually entered prostitution through coercion or under economic stress. II. Preindustrial Societies Prostitution was widespread in preindustrial societies. In the ancient Middle East and India, sexual intercourse with prostitutes was believed to facilitate communion with the gods. In ancient Greece, prostitution flourished on all levels of society. In ancient Rome, prostitution also was common, despite severe legal restrictions. In the Middle Ages (5th century to 15th century), the Christian church, which valued chastity, attempted to convert or rehabilitate individual prostitutes but did not attack the institution itself. By the late Middle Ages, licensed brothels flourished throughout Europe, yielding enormous revenues to government officials and corrupt clergy members. During the 16th century prostitution declined sharply in Europe, largely as a result of stern reprisals by Protestants and Roman Catholics. They condemned its immorality but were also motivated by a connection between prostitution and an outbreak of syphilis, a disease that is often transmitted through sexual contact. III. Industrial Societies In the 18th century most continental European governments controlled prostitution through a system of compulsory registration, licensed brothels, and medical inspection of prostitutes. In Britain and the United States, prostitution flourished openly in urban so-called red-light districts. In time the corruption of licensed prostitution stirred protests throughout Europe. Many governments sought to check prostitution by trying to stop the international traffic in women and children. IV. Prostitution in the United States Prostitution in the United States today takes various forms. Some prostitutes, so-called call girls, operate out of their own apartments and maintain a list of regular customers. Some follow convention circuits or work in certain resort areas. The majority are so-called streetwalkers, who find their customers on city streets. Increasing numbers are young runaways to the city who turn to the streets for survival. Many prostitutes are managed by men known as pimps, who usually take much of the money earned by the women. V. Current U.S. Attitudes The United States remains one of the few countries with laws against prostitution. It is legal only in the state of Nevada. The rationale for its continued illegal status in the United States rests on three assumptions: prostitution is linked to organized crime, prostitution leads to increased crime in general, and prostitution is the cause of an increase in sexually transmitted diseases. These assumptions are now in question, as some experts have pointed out that prostitution is no longer an attractive investment for organized crime, and as public-health officials indicate that prostitutes account for only a small percentage of the country's sexually transmitted disease cases. Polls have shown that approximately half of the U.S. population would favor decriminalization of prostitution throughout the country. Decriminalization would free the courts and police to spend more time dealing with what are seen as more serious and violent crimes. The constitutionality of laws against prostitution is also in question, since they penalize prostitutes but not their customers.

To live or to die essays

To live or to die essays Everyday hundreds of Americans die in either accidents, shooting, from sickness, and evening the death penalty. Capital punishment is a very difficult issue and there are as many different opinions for or against it as there are people. Each yeah over two hundred people are placed on death row. Some of those people deserve to be on death row and a few dont but there is no way to separate the wrongly accused from those who belong. To live or to die is the question that crosses every judges mind when the time comes to prosecute a criminal. It is not an easy decision but it has to be made. Once the decision is made to place someone on death row, there is no turning back, only the anticipation of that day when a life is brought to an end slowly but surely. Those opposing capital punishment think of losing a loved one to someone who has no meaning for taking a life. those who are defending capital punishment, think about a loved one that maybe wrongly accused and sentenced to death. There are two sides to capital punishment either to live or There was a period were capital punishment was ruled unconstitutional by the supreme court. Their reason for this was that the death penalty was cruel and unusual punishment under the eighth amendment which states, that excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, no cruel or unusual punishment inflicted. When the constitution was drafted, indeed capital punishment was practiced widely in this country but it was not specified as cruel and unusual. Those who are for capital punishment argue that penal laws are demonstrating to everyone that it is not in the best interest to murder. Capital punishment is something that is deserved when someone takes the life of another individual for no reason. The fear of death deters people from committing crimes, says Leslie Cantu (Interne ...

Choosing Technology to Meet a Need Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Choosing Technology to Meet a Need - Assignment Example Its adaptations and applications may open doors to the previously inaccessible learning opportunities for numerous children with special needs. In addition, assistive technology supports both remedial and compensatory needs of the student. Tablets, computers, and handheld devices may be very helpful for students with disabilities since they reduce the stress stimuli and cut out distractions improving the student’s academic performance. The technology device will enhance or replace speech for those people with various disabilities in the understanding as well as production of written or spoken language. Chat Box by Unitech is a portable communication device which can be utilized to speak to messages either by means of an optional switch for scanning or pressing buttons on the keyboard. The device can store more than 10 minutes of recorded messages that are stored in four separate overlays. It is portable since it weighs 1.5 lbs. Design: Has the largest display compared to any other chat integrated communication device. 10.1 inch capacitative screen, NOVA chat editor, single along with switch scanning, updated userinterface, and Ivona synthesized speech Of all the Chat communicative devices NOVA chat 10 has the largest screen display (Jackson, 2009). It also offers well known Chat software on an Android platform including MultiChat 15, MultiChat 24, and ChatPower 24. Due to its lightweight the device is very portable for ambulatory users and can also be mounted on wheelchair users. The device has a 10.1† display, and the 4GB RAM allows proper functioning of the Ivona speech synthesizer, switch scanning, and numerous other features that can assist the students in improving their spoken and written language. The device runs on a lightening fast Intel ® Coreâ„ ¢ i7  processor offering a consistent motor pattern for words as

Management situation in which you are to apply a prominent motivation Essay

Management situation in which you are to apply a prominent motivation theory to improve performance - Essay Example This theory posits that every individual has specific motivational needs, which are the driving factors for their efforts. Vroom (1964) explains this model of motivation (M) based on three components namely, Valence, Instrumentality and Expectancy. The Expectancy theory or the VIE theory states that motivation is a product of valence, instrumentality and expectancy (M=VxIxE). Valence (V) refers to the value of an outcome that an individual places on various outcomes of their jobs like pay, incentives, interest in the work, relationships, etc. If an individual values relationships, then he/she would be happy to work where relationships are strong and valued. Instrumentality (I) refers to an employee’s opinion or belief about the extent of efforts required to achieve an outcome. Employees tend to put in efforts to perform a specific job only if they believe that their efforts would result in outcomes they value. The third component, Expectancy (E) refers to the employees’ perception about the extent to which his/her effort will result in certain level of job performance. Expectancy refers to level of confidence individuals possess about a specific action or job (George & Jones, 2008). These components have a strong relationship between each other and on overall motivation. The relationship between effort and performance is referred to as the E-P linkage, which is determined by expectancy. Instrumentality refers to the relationship between performance and outcome, referred to as the P-O linkage. Any limitation in these linkages or in the valence significantly impacts individuals’ motivation because motivation is a product of these three components (Isaac et al, 2001). In the present case two issues have been identified: one is related to the expectancy and the other is about instrumentality. The expectancy of few employees is low as evident from their low confidence because of knowledge and information related issues associated with the new pr ocess. The valence of this group lies in abilities, knowledge and skills. In this case, as suggested by Isaac et al., (2001) the supervisor must diagnose the members’ abilities and their perceptions related to the new process. Secondly, the supervisor needs to train, coach and mentor the members on the new process until they achieve the desired outcomes. The supervisor needs to spend more time with the team and encourage every achievement. Appreciating individuals that achieve the desired outcomes will improve their confidence because the appreciation will act as recognition to their valences. This will slowly improve their confidence and strengthen their expectancy and performance linkage. The supervisor needs to constantly provide support when team members are facing issues in achieving the desired outcomes; moreover, the leader needs to provide constant feedback to the team members in a way that their mistakes are being corrected and their self-confidence is also not being disturbed. Another motivational issue in the present case is with instrumentality, which impacts the P-O linkage. A few members that valued pay were not motivated to work because they believed that the amount of effort required to produce the specific outcome is not worth the pay they were getting. In such situation, the supervisor should talk to the individuals and explain the situation with